![]() ![]() Estradiol binds to its cognate intracellular steroid receptor (either ER alpha or ER beta). ![]() Table 1 shows the known sex predilection of some autoimmune diseases in the human.Įstrogen receptors are part of classical genomes ( 3). The disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is one of those clinical conditions where studies have been extensive ( 2).Īutoimmune diseases are likely caused by an array of factors: genetic predisposition, epigenetic regulation (miRNA, DNA methylation, and histone modification), infections resulting in antigenic mimicry, or some other reasons for activation of the immune system. ![]() In the case of autoimmune disease, early animal data and clinical observation indicated that sex steroids like estrogen and testosterone played an important part in the clinical manifestations of disease ( 1). In this brief review both basic and clinical observations help us understand how biological sex affects immune disease. Clinical observation of patients with autoimmunity over many years and during infections like Covid19 indicate that biological sex is important to disease progress and often the eventual outcome. The predilection of certain diseases for biological sex is well known and some of the biological reasons for this sexual skew are becoming clear. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |